English Vocabulary Organiser

I am delighted with this book!
http://ebookskarthick.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/english-vocabulary-organizer-with-key-remastered.pdf

Advertising

Talking or writing about advertising

advertising - the business of making advertisements; advertisements in general

advertisement an announcement informing people about a product, service, or event, for example in a newspaper, or on the television, radio, or the Internet
advert British (informal) an advertisement: I saw their advert in the paper.ad (informal) an advertisement: Try placing an ad in the local paper.commercial an advertisement on the television or radio
billboard a large outdoor sign used for advertising, usually placed in a busy area
poster a large piece of paper, usually with a picture on it, used for advertising: Campaign posters appeared everywhere in the weeks before the election.flyer a piece of paper advertising a product, service, or event, that is given to people on the street or delivered to their homes
slogan a short clever sentence or saying used in an advertisement for a particular product
campaign a planned series of posters, advertisements, and events used for advertising something: a big, government-sponsored campaign to promote tourism in the region
the classified ads small advertisements in a newspaper or magazine, often placed by private individuals rather than by companies: Try looking in the classified ads for cheap secondhand furniture.
the small ads British a more informal word for 'the classified ads'
the personal ads a section in a newspaper or magazine where people advertise when they want to meet someone to have a relationship with

Source

15 Most Useful Phrasal Verbs

give in/give up = уступать, сдаваться
call off = отменять; прекращать
pull through = преодолеть (трудность)
put off = откладывать (что-л. на более поздний срок); вызывать отвращение
look after = заботиться
put up with = мириться c (кем-л. / чем-л.), сносить, терпеть (что-л.)
carry on = продолжать
look forward to = ожидать с нетерпением; предвкушать
break up = распадаться (о группе, компании), разваливаться (о семье, об отношениях)
blow out = разбить (в спорте), разорвать
pass out = терять сознание
look up = искать (что-л. в справочнике, книге, учебнике)
look down on = смотреть свысока на (кого-л.), презирать
turn into = превращаться
get away with = выйти из трудного положения, выйти сухим из воды, ускользнуть

1. "Call off": to stop-"call off the search"-and used when phoning in to work. "I called off today because I'm sick."

2. "Look up": search for. "I'll go online and look up ‘phrasal verbs'." "Look me up the next time you're in town."

3. "Get away with": escape blame/punishment. "He sure got away with that", or "the crook got away with 50 dollars".

4. "Pull through": used in discussing health-"The surgery was rough, but he pulled through", or "the victim of the chicken attack pulled through with no lingering injuries".

5. "Break up": usually refers to relationships-"Fred and Matilda are going to break up"-but variations can be used to show an emotional state. "When Matilda dumped Fred, he was pretty broken up about it."

6. "Blow out": a tire flattens while driving-"Mel had a blowout on the way to work"-and it indicates a lopsided sports score. "It was a blowout; the Packers beat the Bears 24 to 3." It is also used to indicate anger: "Ed broke Bob's window, and Bob had a complete blowout when he saw it".

7. "Give in/give up": relent or surrender. "She didn't want to go, but the kids pestered her until she gave in." "The robber gave up when the cops cornered him."

8. "Put up with": endure, such as "Tom put up with many jokes when he rode his ostrich to work".

9. "Look down on": a person who feels superior to others is said to "look down on" them. "Dog owners sometimes look down on cat owners, which is silly, because cat owners sometimes look down on dog owners."

10. "Turn into": become something else-"caterpillars turn into butterflies". It is also used in driving: "after you pass the park, turn into the school parking lot".

11. "Carry on": continue. "After the accident, the police told the bystanders to carry on." It is also a rant-"when she spilled her milk, she carried on about it for hours".

12. "Look after": attend to-"babysitters look after children", or "please look after that task I gave you".

13. "Pass out": faint-"Bennie became dizzy and passed out"-or "to give": "Frankie passed out newspapers".

14. "Put off": postpone. "He put off painting and cut the grass first." It is also used to describe an aversion: "Norm was stranded in the woods for 3 days with only a box of candy bars, so he's put off by chocolate for now".

15. "Look forward to": anticipate. "I look forward to meeting with you," or "kids look forward to the holidays".


Source

Learn these words!

http://www.memrise.com/course/115240/countable-and-uncountable-nouns/

Learn English words with Cambridge dictionary

I've just stimbled across an amazing website where you can learn words. And not only words actually! I'm so happy I found it! 

http://www.memrise.com/course/48407/upper-intermediate-english/ 

Как правильно учить слова?

Недавно, в очередной раз доставая листочек с новыми английскими словами для изучения, я задалась вопросом: «Правильно ли я их учу, и какова польза от зубрежки?» и решила поискать материал на эту тему. Оказалось, что не совсем правильно, как я и подозревала. И нет ничего удивительного в том, что в моей тетрадочке Vocabulary, заведенной еще в 7 классе, находится гора слов, которые я не знаю – учила когда-то к уроку, но через некоторое время, конечно же, забыла, т. к. не использовала их. Однако, не думаю, что это так страшно, ведь теперь я решила эту ситуацию в корне изменить, и помогут в этом несколько полезных подсказок.

Самое главное, что я извлекла из прочтения двух больших статей – это то, что слова нужно учить только в контексте. Пусть у них и есть еще множество других значений, их следует учить по отдельности. Еще один важный момент – не учить слова списком по порядку, (могут появиться ненужные связи между далекими словами) лучше произвольно, а еще лучше сказать нет спискам голых слов, которые абсолютно друг с другом не связаны. А вот учить родственные слова группами – пожалуйста.

Неплохо начать с правил словообразования. Разберетесь в них, и станет легче учить новые слова. Особенно однокоренные, которые в свою очередь тоже нужно обязательно прорабатывать и не забывать.
Очень полезно читать о происхождении слова, так оно точно запомнится.

Сразу учите синонимы и антонимы слов. Например, придумайте ряд, состоящий из синонимов одного слова и имеющий определенный смысл, и учите его. Больше всего такой способ подходит для прилагательных. А существительные учите в словосочетаниях. И не только существительные. Подставляйте к словам другие подходящие слова, и они точно останутся в вашей голове.

Для хорошего запоминания будут действенными яркие образы:

• преставление слова написанным или сделанным/высеченным(из камня или другого материала); 
• воображение соответствующего изображения, причем в как можно более экстремальном виде (например, при изучении слова «жара» представить пустыню с палящим солнцем, пересохшее горло и пот, льющийся со лба ручьями); 
• использование разных жестов. 

Если учите глагол, то воспроизведите его, например, если глагол «прыгать», то встаньте и прыгните. 

Контекст, опять же, может очень помочь: изучаемое слово будет ассоциироваться с прочитанным текстом/историей/высказыванием, где вы его нашли.
Помимо этого связывайте слова с реальностью, если слово «ручка», то обязательно та, которую держите в руке, а не абстрактный предмет.
Вообще, слово можно просто много раз написать на бумаге.

Важно также услышать слово и проговорить его вслух. Слова можно рифмовать с другими английскими словами, а также искать созвучные слова или слова с похожими корнями в своем родном языке. Если слова совсем никак не запомнить, можно надиктовать их вместе с переводом и слушать по несколько раз, только делать так не часто.

Еще несколько хороших способов:

• Всем известные карточки: на одной стороне слово, на другой перевод. Берете в любое свободное время и переворачиваете их туда-обратно. 
• Простое чтение словаря, только небольшого. 
• Учить слова во время слабых и средних физических нагрузок(бег, ходьба). Память работает продуктивнее и быстрее. 

В заключение, хочу отметить, что слова нужно учить выборочно, отдавая предпочтение более распространенным. При чтении книги не обращать внимания на отдельные сложные слова, если они не мешают пониманию, и выписывать лишь ключевые. Анализируйте, понадобится ли вам то или иное слово, как часто вы его употребляете на родном языке.

В случае, если хотите знать все наиболее распространенные слова воспользуйтесь списками как The Oxford 3000 wordlist и General Service list.

Вот и все. Удачи в изучении английского!

Полезные ссылки:
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/oxford3000/oxford_3000_profiler.htm
- поможет проверить, какие слова текста входят в The Oxford 3000 wordlist, а какие нет.
http://englishtutordia.wordpress.com/2012/07/26/top-2000-english-words-you-need-to-know-the-general-service-list/
-General Service list

Статья основана на материалах сайтов:
http://englishtips.org/1150830139-kak-pravilno-uchit-slova-ili-40-malenkix.html
http://real-english.ru/articles/words.htm

What I have been doing all this time

I haven't written for 4 days, and now I'm going to tell about my practice during this time.

• I was consolidating my knowlege in past, present and future tenses by doing exercises from the book FCE Language Practice, M. Vince.
• I've touched on the topic about people's age.
• Now I'm rewieving Inderect speech and also studying word formation, which is mostly learning new words of course.

  Here are the words:

And here are vocabulary tests for the words that were unknown for me:

http://www.vocabtest.com/vocabulary_word_test.php?tid=152284

Daylight Saving Time

Source

With daylight saving time (also called daylight savings time) happening this weekend, clock confusion is once again ticking away, giving rise to various questions: Why do we spring forward? Does daylight saving time really save energy? Is it bad for your health? Here are answers from experts.

How and When Did Daylight Saving Time Start?

Ben Franklin—of "early to bed and early to rise" fame—as apparently the first person to suggest the concept of daylight savings.

While serving as U.S. ambassador to France in Paris, Franklin wrote of being awakened at 6 a.m. and realizing, to his surprise, that the sun would rise far earlier than he usually did. Imagine the resources that might be saved if he and others rose before noon and burned less midnight oil, Franklin, tongue half in cheek, wrote to a newspaper.

It wasn't until World War I that daylight savings were realized on a grand scale. Germany was the first state to adopt the time changes, to reduce artificial lighting and thereby save coal for the war effort. Friends and foes soon followed suit.

Daylight Saving Time: Energy Saver or Just Time Suck?

In recent years several studies have suggested that daylight saving time doesn't actually save energy—and might even result in a net loss.

Environmental economist Hendrik Wolff, of the University of Washington, co-authored a paper that studied Australian power-use data when parts of the country extended daylight saving time for the 2000 Sydney Olympics and others did not. The researchers found that the practice reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening but increased energy use in the now dark mornings-wiping out the evening gains.

Likewise, Matthew Kotchen, an economist at the University of California, saw in Indiana a situation ripe for study.

Prior to 2006 only 15 of the state's 92 counties observed daylight saving time. So when the whole state adopted daylight saving time, it became possible to compare before-and-after energy use. While use of artificial lights dropped, increased air-conditioning use more than offset any energy gains, according to the daylight saving time research Kotchen led for the National Bureau of Economic Research in 2008.

That's because the extra hour that daylight saving time adds in the evening is a hotter hour. "So if people get home an hour earlier in a warmer house, they turn on their air conditioning," the University of Washington's Wolff said.In fact, Hoosier consumers paid more on their electric bills than before they made the annual switch to daylight saving time, the study found. 
But other studies do show energy gains.

In an October 2008 daylight saving time report to Congress, mandated by the same 2005 energy act that extended daylight saving time, the U.S. Department of Energy asserted that springing forward does save energy.

Extended daylight saving time saved 1.3 terawatt hours of electricity. That figure suggests that daylight saving time reduces annual U.S. electricity consumption by 0.03 percent and overall energy consumption by 0.02 percent.While those percentages seem small, they could represent significant savings because of the nation's enormous total energy use.
What's more, savings in some regions are apparently greater than in others.
California, for instance, appears to benefit most from daylight saving time—perhaps because its relatively mild weather encourages people to stay outdoors later. The Energy Department report found that daylight saving time resulted in an energy savings of one percent daily in the state.

Daylight Saving Time: Healthy or Harmful?

For decades advocates of daylight savings have argued that, energy savings or no, daylight saving time boosts health by encouraging active lifestyles—a claim Wolff and colleagues are currently putting to the test."In a nationwide American time-use study, we're clearly seeing that, at the time of daylight saving time extension in the spring, television watching is substantially reduced and outdoor behaviors like jogging, walking, or going to the park are substantially increased," Wolff said. "That's remarkable, because of course the total amount of daylight in a given day is the same."
But others warn of ill effects.

Till Roenneberg, a chronobiologist at Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich, Germany, said his studies show that our circadian body clocks-set by light and darkness-never adjust to gaining an "extra" hour of sunlight to the end of the day during daylight saving time.

"The consequence of that is that the majority of the population has drastically decreased productivity, decreased quality of life, increasing susceptibility to illness, and is just plain tired," Roenneberg said.

One reason so many people in the developed world are chronically overtired, he said, is that they suffer from "social jet lag." In other words, their optimal circadian sleep periods are out of whack with their actual sleep schedules.Shifting daylight from morning to evening only increases this lag, he said.
"Light doesn't do the same things to the body in the morning and the evening. More light in the morning would advance the body clock, and that would be good. But more light in the evening would even further delay the body clock."

Other research hints at even more serious health risks.A 2008 study in the New England Journal of Medicine concluded that, at least in Sweden, heart attack risks go up in the days just after the spring time change. "The most likely explanation to our findings are disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms," lead author Imre Janszky, of the Karolinska Institute's Department of Public Health Sciences in Stockholm, told National Geographic News via email.


Words

concept - понятие 
friends and foes - друзья и враги
tongue-in-cheek (intended to be humorous and not meant seriously) - насмешливый 
ambassador - посол
follow suit (to do the same thing as someone else) - следовать примеру
annual - годовой
consumption - потребление
circadian - околосуточный
adjust - регулировать
drastically - радикально
susceptibility - восприимчивость
out of whack - не в порядке
disruption - нарушение
assert - утверждать

The word of the day

CLAIM (v)

утверждать

1) to say that something is true, even though there is no definite proof
claim (that):
The report claimed that hundreds of civilians had crossed the border to escape thefighting.
He claims he is innocent.
claim to do something:
The organization claims to represent more than 20,000 firms.

a. to say that someone's actions are the cause of something, especially in a court of law
She is claiming sexual harassment against her boss. 

заявлять право,претендовать, требовать

2) to say that something is yours, especially as a right
Henry VII claimed the English throne after defeating Richard III.
Has anyone claimed the wallet I handed in yesterday?
claim credit/responsibility/victory etc (=say it is yours):
I can't claim all the credit for our success.

a. to officially ask for money that you believe you have a right to
The back of the form tells you how to claim your refund.
Are you claiming unemployment benefit?
claim on (=ask for money from an insurance policy): Can you claim on your insurance fordamage to furniture?

b. to officially ask for something as a right
She claimed political asylum in 1986.

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